Skin Wound Healing Process and New Emerging Technologies for Skin Wound Care and Regeneration
Keywords: wound healing; wound; chronic wounds; drug delivery; 3D bioprinting; electrospinning 1. Introduction
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wound healing; wound; chronic wounds; drug delivery; 3D bioprinting; electrospinning 1. Introduction The skin is the largest organ in human body and plays a crucial role in di fferent processes such as hydration, protection from chemicals and pathogens, vitamin D synthesis initialization, excretion and thermal regulation. Severe skin damage can therefore be life-threatening. Healing a skin wound shows an extraordinary mechanism of cellular function that is distinctive in nature. The repair process includes the interaction of cells, growth factors and cytokines involved in closing the lesion. The inconveniences caused by injuries, particularly for chronic wounds, are mainly related to treatment and management procedures limiting the wound repair, rather than tissue integrity restoration (so-called “restitutio ad integrum”) [ 1 ]. For this reason, several studies are oriented towards achieving more e ffective wound therapies, in order to reduce health costs and provide long-term relief and, ultimately, e ffective scar healing. Skin wound therapies are classified as “Conventional” or “Regenerative”. Conventional therapy leads to the formation of scars irrespective of aesthetic and possible functional alterations [ 2 ]. Regenerative wound therapy is a new and rapidly developing area in biomedical research; it aims to restore skin to its pristine function, reestablishing damaged cells and skin tissue without scarring [ 3 ]. In any case, regeneration strategies should be considered complementary to essential conventional Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 735; doi:10.3390 /pharmaceutics12080735 www.mdpi.com /journal/pharmaceutics Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 735 2 of 30 treatments, such as debridement. This review focuses on the wound healing process, providing a deep description and analysis of wound healing mechanisms. Wound medications evolving from simple “coating” devices to advanced medications, as well as their advantages and limitations in the skin regeneration process, will be investigated. In particular, this review is focused on the progress in wound medication and its development in recent years. The main complications related to the healing process and the clinical management of chronic wounds are described in the review. Moreover, advanced treatment strategies for skin regeneration and experimental techniques for cellular engineering and skin tissue engineering are addressed. Emerging skin regeneration techniques involving sca ffolds activated with growth factors, bioactive molecules and genetically modified cells are exploited to overcome wound healing technology limitations and to implement personalized therapy design. Baixar 2.23 Mb. Compartilhe com seus amigos:
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